Who actually reads our college application essays and how are they evaluated?

You’re right that the process can differ quite a bit from school to school, and even among different types of institutions. Typically, your college application essay is first read by an admissions officer assigned to your geographic region or specific high school. This person is familiar with your local context and will be your primary reader.

At large universities, the first read is often done by a single admissions officer, who will then assign a rating or brief summary of your file, including your essay. In high-volume situations, the process can be brisk. For example, at some public universities, initial readers may only have around 10 minutes per application, so your essay needs to make an impression quickly and clearly. If your application is on the borderline, or if you’re a strong candidate, your file (including your essay) may be passed on to another reader, or even a small committee, for further discussion. At the most selective schools, there’s often a second or even third reader who reviews your whole file.

At smaller colleges, especially liberal arts schools, the process can be a bit more personal. Sometimes, your application could be read by multiple people from the start. In certain cases, admissions committees actually do gather to discuss candidates together. There are even stories about committee members reading parts of essays out loud, especially if an application stands out.

Your audience, then, will almost always be admissions officers. They are professionals trained to evaluate applications holistically; they want to get to know the real you through your writing. Sometimes, if an application is flagged for something unusual—like a really unconventional essay or a potential question of authenticity—a senior officer might also chime in.

As an example, at a medium-sized private university, an initial read might be done by one officer, then the application would be discussed at a panel if the committee needs to deliberate. At a large state school, however, your essay might only get a single read for most applicants, unless you’re on the cusp of admission or competing for scholarships.

The key takeaway is to write as if a real person is reading your essay—because they are. Try to offer genuine insights into who you are, and make sure your voice comes through, since admissions officers are looking for authenticity and fit.

Understanding the admissions process can help you target your writing, but remember that every essay you write is a chance to put your best (and truest) self forward, regardless of the reader’s exact title or how many of them see your work.